《計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué):基于3D圖形開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)》詳細(xì)闡述了與計(jì)算機(jī)游戲設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的基本解決方案及相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和算法，主要包括游戲模型、頂點(diǎn)處理機(jī)制、光柵化操作、片元處理和輸出合并、光照和著色、參數(shù)曲線和表面、著色器模型、圖像紋理、凹凸貼圖、高級(jí)紋理操作、角色動(dòng)畫以及物理模擬等內(nèi)容。此外，《計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué):基于3D圖形開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)》還提供了相應(yīng)代碼以及偽代碼，以幫助讀者進(jìn)一步理解相關(guān)方案的實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程。
目錄：
目 錄
第1章 游戲模型............................................................................................................1
1.1 游戲制作流程...................................................................................................1
1.2 多邊形網(wǎng)格......................................................................................................4
1.2.1 創(chuàng)建多邊形網(wǎng)格*....................................................................................6
1.2.2 多邊形網(wǎng)格的表達(dá)方式......................................................................................9
1.2.3 表面法線............................................................................................................13
1.3 模型導(dǎo)出和導(dǎo)入...........................................................................................................15
1.4 坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)....... ................................................................................................................17
本章練習(xí)...............................................................................................................................19
第2章 頂點(diǎn)處理機(jī)制...................................................................................................20
2.1 世界轉(zhuǎn)換.......................................................................................................................21
2.1.1 仿射轉(zhuǎn)換以及齊次坐標(biāo)....................................................................................21
2.1.2 世界矩陣...........................................................................................................24
2.1.3 歐拉轉(zhuǎn)換................................................................................. ..........................28
2.1.4 表面法線的轉(zhuǎn)換................................................................................................29
2.2 視見(jiàn)轉(zhuǎn)換.......................................................................................................................31
2.2.1 相機(jī)空間...........................................................................................................31
2.2.2 空間轉(zhuǎn)換和視見(jiàn)矩陣........................................................................................32
2.3 逐頂點(diǎn)光照.................................................................................................................37
2.4 投影轉(zhuǎn)換......................................................................................................................38
2.4.1 視見(jiàn)體................................................................................................................38
2.4.2 投影矩陣...........................................................................................................40
2.4.3 投影矩陣的推導(dǎo)過(guò)程*......................................................................................44
本章練習(xí).......................................................................................................... ......................47
·VI· 計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)——基于3D圖形開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)
第3章 光柵化操作.......................................................................................................49
3.1 剪裁操作......................................................................................................................49
3.2 透視除法......................................................................................................................50
3.3 背面剔除操作...............................................................................................................51
3.4 再訪坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)*.............................................................................................................55
3.4.1 3ds Max至OpenGL——翻轉(zhuǎn)坐標(biāo)軸................................................................55
3.4.2 OpenGL至Direct3D——反射..........................................................................57
3.4.3 OpenGL至Direct3D——頂點(diǎn)重排列...............................................................61
3.5 視口轉(zhuǎn)換......................................................................................................................62
3.6 掃描轉(zhuǎn)換......................................................................................................................65
3.7 應(yīng)用：對(duì)象拾取操作...............................................................................................70
3.7.1 計(jì)算世界空間中的光線....................................................................................70
3.7.2 光線-對(duì)象相交測(cè)試...........................................................................................76
本章練習(xí)...............................................................................................................................82
第4章 片元處理和輸出合并.........................................................................................83
4.1 紋理操作......................................................................................................................83
4.1.1 紋理坐標(biāo)............................................................................................................84
4.1.2 表面參數(shù)化操作................................................................................................86
4.1.3 紋理坐標(biāo)與紋素地址........................................................................................87
4.2 輸出合并......................................................................................................................89
4.2.1 z緩沖區(qū)機(jī)制.......................................................................................................89
4.2.2 Alpha混合...........................................................................................................91
4.3 z剔除操作......................................................................................................................93
4.3.1 單元（tile）剔除...............................................................................................93
4.3.2 預(yù)寫Z值..............................................................................................................96
本章練習(xí)...............................................................................................................................96
第5章 光照和著色.......................................................................................................98
5.1 Phong光照模型.............................................................................................................98
5.1.1 漫反射................................................................................................................99
5.1.2 鏡面反射..........................................................................................................101
目 錄·VII·
5.1.3 環(huán)境反射..........................................................................................................103
5.1.4 發(fā)射光..............................................................................................................104
5.2 著色和著色語(yǔ)言........................................................................................................104
5.2.1 頂點(diǎn)和片元著色器........................... ...............................................................104
5.2.2 高級(jí)著色語(yǔ)言*.................................................................................................105
5.3 管線中的光照機(jī)制....................................................................................................107
5.3.1 HLSL中的逐頂點(diǎn)光照機(jī)制*...........................................................................107
5.3.2 逐頂點(diǎn)光照與逐片元光照..............................................................................109
5.3.3 HLSL中的逐片元光照*...................................................................................111
5.4 全局光照.....................................................................................................................113
5.4.1 光線跟蹤..........................................................................................................113
5.4.2 輻射度..............................................................................................................117
本章練習(xí)..............................................................................................................................119
第6章 參數(shù)曲線和表面....................................................................................121
6.1 參數(shù)曲線.....................................................................................................................121
6.1.1 Bezier曲線......................................................................................................121
6.1.2 Hermite曲線和Catmull-Rom樣條...................................................................126
6.2 應(yīng)用：相機(jī)路徑.........................................................................................................127
6.3 Bezier表面..................................................................................................................130
6.3.1 雙線性面片......................................................................................................130
6.3.2 雙二次Bezier面片............................................................................... .............134
6.3.3 雙三次Bezier面片............................................................................................138
6.3.4 Bezier三角形...............................................................................................140
本章練習(xí)..............................................................................................................................144
第7章 著色器模型...........................................................................................146
7.1 著色器模型4和幾何體著色器...................................................................................146
7.2 應(yīng)用：動(dòng)態(tài)粒子系統(tǒng).................................................................................................147
7.2.1 粒子的物理模擬..............................................................................................148
7.2.2 焰火模擬..........................................................................................................150
7.2.3 渲染焰火..........................................................................................................153
·VIII· 計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)——基于3D圖形開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)
7.3 著色器模型5和拼接操作...........................................................................................155
7.4 應(yīng)用：PN三角形........................................................................................................156
7.4.1 計(jì)算控制點(diǎn)......................................................................................................157
7.4.2 計(jì)算控制法線..................................................................................................160
7.4.3 PN三角形拼接操作.........................................................................................163
本章練習(xí)..............................................................................................................................165
第8章 圖像紋理........................................................................................................166
8.1 紋理尋址模式............................................................................................................166
8.2 紋理過(guò)濾機(jī)制.............................................................................................................168
8.2.1 放大操作..........................................................................................................169
8.2.2 縮小操作..........................................................................................................170
8.3 紋理鏈........................................................................................................................171
8.3.1 紋理鏈的構(gòu)建過(guò)程..........................................................................................172
8.3.2 紋理鏈過(guò)濾機(jī)制..............................................................................................173
8.3.3 紋理鏈過(guò)濾的選取方案..................................................................................175
8.4 各向異性過(guò)濾機(jī)制.....................................................................................................179
本章練習(xí)............................................................................................................................184
第9章 凹凸貼圖........................................................................................................186
9.1 高度場(chǎng).........................................................................................................................187
9.2 法線貼圖原理.............................................................................................................188
9.2.1 法線貼圖..........................................................................................................188
9.2.2 法線貼圖算法..................................................................................................190
9.3 切空間法線貼圖.........................................................................................................194
9.3.1 切空間法線貼圖算法.............................................................................. ........194
9.3.2 切空間計(jì)算......................................................................................................198
9.4 法線貼圖應(yīng)用.............................................................................................................200
9.5 視差貼圖....................................................................................................................203
9.6 偏置貼圖....................................................................................................................206
本章練習(xí)............................................................................................................................210
第10章 高級(jí)紋理操作...............................................................................................211
10.1 環(huán)境貼圖...................................................................................................................211
目 錄·IX·
10.1.1 立方體貼圖....................................................................................................211
10.1.2 立方體貼圖訪問(wèn)機(jī)制*...................................................................................214
10.1.3 動(dòng)態(tài)立方體貼圖............................................................................................216
10.2 光照貼圖...................................................................................................................217
10.2.1 漫反射光照貼圖............................................................................................217
10.2.2 輻射度法線貼圖*...........................................................................................218
10.3 陰影貼圖...................................................................................................................222
10.3.1 陰影貼圖算法................................................................................................224
10.3.2 基于陰影貼圖的著色器代碼........................................................................228
10.3.3 陰影貼圖過(guò)濾機(jī)制........................................................................................231
10.4 環(huán)境遮擋...................................................................................................................234
10.5 延遲著色...................................................................................................................238
本章練習(xí)..............................................................................................................................240
第11章 角色動(dòng)畫.......................................................................................................241
11.1 關(guān)鍵幀動(dòng)畫...............................................................................................................241
11.2 旋轉(zhuǎn)...........................................................................................................................244
11.2.1 歐拉角插值....................................................................................................244
11.2.2 四元數(shù)表達(dá)方式............................................................................................245
11.2.3 基于四元數(shù)的旋轉(zhuǎn)........................................................................................246
11.2.4 四元數(shù)插值....................................................................................................250
11.3 層次結(jié)構(gòu)建模以及空間變換...................................................................................252
11.3.1 層次結(jié)構(gòu)模型................................................................................................252
11.3.2 骨骼間的空間變換........................................................................................256
11.3.3 世界空間至骨骼空間的轉(zhuǎn)換........................................................................258
11.4 前向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)...............................................................................................................260
11.5 蒙皮和關(guān)鍵幀動(dòng)畫...................................................................................................263
11.5.1 蒙皮................................................................................................................263
11.5.2 關(guān)鍵幀動(dòng)畫中的蒙皮....................................................................................265
11.6 逆向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)...............................................................................................................268
11.6.1 解析法............................................................................................................269
11.6.2 循環(huán)坐標(biāo)下降法............................................................................................270
·X· 計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)——基于3D圖形開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)
本章練習(xí)..............................................................................................................................272
第12章 物理模擬......................................................................................................274
12.1 懲罰方案...................................................................................................................274
12.2 沖量方案...................................................................................................................276
12.2.1 沖量................................................................................................................277
12.2.2 基于沖量的碰撞求解方案............................................................................278
12.3 碰撞檢測(cè)...................................................................................................................282
12.3.1 色圍體及其層次結(jié)構(gòu)....................................................................................283
12.3.2 三角形-三角形相交測(cè)試...............................................................................286
本章練習(xí)..............................................................................................................................288
參考文獻(xiàn)........................................................................................................................289
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